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聖經希臘文
Grammar Note
- 文法解說
Ch.1 - The Alphabet Breathing Marks, Accent, Punctuation A B G D E Z H Q I K L M N X O P R S T U F C Y W a b g d e z h q i k l m n x o p r s(j) t u f c y w
Ch.2 - Verbs 1) The first principle form (lexical form) Present tense, Active Voice, Indicative Mood 2) Principle Parts: PAI / FAI / AAI / Perf. AI / PPI / API
Ch.3 - Second Declension Nouns 1) Usage of Genitive possessive genitive (whose): the word of God genitive of origin (where): Jesus of Nazareth subjective genitive: the lust of fresh objective genitive: the word of the cross qualitative genitive (what): a house of cards genitive as a object of a verb (i.e. pisteuw) 2) Usage of Dative dative of indirect object: speak a word [to] you instrumental dative: hit [by] a rock; defend myself [with] a sword dative of advantage: teach laws [for] people ([for] whom or what) dative of disadvantage: hate you [for] your hubris (unwelcome thing) local dative: go [to] the house dative of direct object: believe [×] you 3) Special Grammar neuter Plural subject + Singular verb
Ch.4 - First Aorist Active Verbs 1) The first (weak) Aorist Verbs 2) Preposition
Ch.5 - First Declension Nouns 1) First Declension Nouns: usually Feminine nouns)
Ch.6 - Second Aorist Active Verbs 1) The second (strong) Aorist Verbs 2) Nouns with Unexpected Gender
Ch.7 - Adjectives 1) Function and Position of Adjective attributive function (前有冠詞): [the adj N(sandwich)]/[the N the adj (outside)] the good teacher predicative function (前無冠詞,要加be動): [adj + the N]/[the N + adj ): the teacher is bad substantive function(前有冠詞,無修飾名詞,當N)):[the adj]: the dead people attributive phrase (數個名詞當adj用,前有介係詞): the in-the-wilderness good man 2) Demonstrative Pronoun (this/that) demonstrative pronoun: predicative position(前無冠詞): [this + the N]/[the N + this] near demonstrative pronoun: this/these far demonstrative pronoun: that/those substantive function: those [ones/things]
Ch.8 - Passive Voice 1) Present Passive Indicative 2) Agent of Passive Verbs a) Impersonal agent: Passive verb + dative noun: avpekta,nqh toi/j li,qoij he was killed [by] the stones b) Personal agent: u`po + gen. noun: [by]/ u`po + acc. noun: [under]
Ch.9 - Middle Voice and Personal Pronoun Use of Personal Pronoun 1) emphatic use (subjective position): evgw, le,gw to. te,knon [I] am telling the child 2) identical use (only 3rd person, attributive position): o` auvto.j ku,rioj [the same] lord 3) intensive use (predicative position): auvto.j o` ku,rioj le,gw the lord [himself] is saying
Ch.10 - Imperfect Tense and the Verb「eimi」 1) Use of imperfect Tense a) express past progressive action b) express past progressive action: I [was trying] to prevent him c) customary imperfect: he [used to] release one prisoner d) inceptive imperfect: I [began to] loose 2) General Rule for Discerning Subject in ei,mi Structure a) demonstrative and personal pronoun as subject b) an article noun as subject c) first noun as subject
Ch.11 - 「mi」Verbs and Conditional Sentences 1) Simple Conditional (對說話者來說,若條件發生,則結果必然實現) protasis(條件句): eiv + an indicative-mood verb; Aprdosis (結果句):無限制 eiv de. pneu,mati a;gesqe( ouvk evste, u`po no,mon = But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law. 2) Contrary to Fact Conditional (對說話者來說,條件不可能會發生,因此結果也不可能會實現) a)與現在事實相反:(條件句) eiv+ an imperfect verb;(結果句) an; + an imperfect verb= If you V, you would b)與過去事實相反: (條件句) eiv + an aorist verb; (結果句) an; + an aorist verb= If you had PP, you would V
Cp.12 - Future Tense, Deponent Verbs, and Dual Case Preposition
Cp.13 - Use of Subjunctive Mood 1) use of purpose or result:(with i[na): …i[na ba,lwsin ep v auvto,n = in order that they might throw [the stone] at him. 2-1) cohortative subjunctive: proseucw/meqa toi/j anqrw,poij = Let us pray for the persons… 2-2) deliberative subjunctive: dw/men h; mh. dw/men = Shall we give, or shall we not give? (Mk 12:14) 3) used with conjunctions of time or place (with a;n):o[tan asqenw/( dunato,j eivmi =whenever I am weak, I am powerful 4-1) (Third class) hypothetical conditional sentence of present general: eva.n + subjunctive, = If I …, I… 4-2) (Third class) hypothetical conditional sentence of future more probable: eva.n + subjunctive, = If I …, I will… 5) express a prohibition (with mh,): mh. eisenegkhj h`maj eivj peirasmo,n = Do not lead us into temptation (Mt 6:13) 6) emphatic negation (with ouv and mh.): ouv mh. i;dhte me = you will not by any means see me (no way will you see me)
Ch.14 - The infinitive Use if Infinitive 1) use of a verbal compliment: qe,leij de blepein = want to know 2) use to express a purpose or a result: h;lqomen proskunhsai autw = We have come to worship him 3) use as the subject of the impersonal verb: exesti,n soi e;cein auth,n = It is lawful for you to have her 4) Articular Infinitive (follow an article): use as the object of a preposition: (a) meta. to.n + infinitive = after… (b) pro. tou/ + infinitive = before… (c) evn tw/ + infinitive = while… (d) dia. to. + infinitive = because of… (e) eivj to. + infinitive = in order to… (f) tou/ + infinitive = to…
Ch.15 - Third Declension Nouns Third Declension Noun的Stem及Ending的變化須從Genitive form來判斷
Ch.16 - Perfect Tense and Pluperfect (過去完全) Tense 1) Use of Perfect Tense a) have + p.p. (e.g. le,luka = I have loosed) b) to be + p.p. (e.g. ge,graptai =It is wrttien) 2) Use of Pluperfect Tense a) had + p.p. (e.g. evlh,luqei = She had come)
Ch.17 - Relative Pronoun (關係代名詞) 1) Relative pronoun (who/that/which) 2) Interrogative pronoun (who/what/whom/whose) 3) Indefinite pronoun (some) 4) Indefinite Relative pronoun (whoever/whatever) 5) Reflexive (反身) pronoun (myself/ yourself/ himself/ itself) 6) Reciprocal Pronoun (avllh,loij to one another/ avllh,louj one another/ avllh,lwn of one another)
Ch.18 - Present Active Participle (分詞 Ving) and the Adjective Use of Participle 1) Parsing participle: o` le,gwn = Present Active Participle/ Mas./ Single/ Nominative 2) Adjective Use of Participle a) Attributive use (前有冠詞): o` le,gwn maqhth,j / o` maqhth,j o` le,gwn = the speaking disciple b) Predicative use (前無冠詞,要加be動): zw/n o` lo,goj = the word is living c) Substantive use(前有冠詞,無修飾名詞,當N使用): o` le,gwn = the one who speaks / the speaking one
Ch.19 - Aorist Active Participle and the Adverbial Use of Participle Adverbial Use of Participle 1) the temporal (時間的) participle: express an action prior to, contemporaneous with, or subsequent to the action of the main verb. Translated by adding “when, while”. e.g.: prosh/lqon auvtw/| dida,skonti oi` avrcierei/j =the high priest came to him while he was preaching 2) the causal (原因的) participle: express a factor. Translated by adding “because, for”. e.g.: di,kaioj w;n kai. mh.… =Because he was a righteous man and he did not want to disgrace Mary. 3) the concessive (讓步,妥協,允許) participle: Translated by adding “although, despite”. 4) the modal (情態的) participle: express specificity. Translated by adding 補充說明. e.g.: kai. evla,lei euvlogw/n to.n qeo,n = and he spoke, blessing God. 5) the participle of attendant (伴隨的) circumstance: express additional action. Translated by adding “and.” e.g.: perih/gen ta.j kw,maj ku,klw| dida,skwn =he went on around the villages and taught.
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by 魏連嶽
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