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1. Present Active System
2. Perfect Active System
3. Passive System
4. Infinitive System
5. Imperative System
6. Participle System
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古拉丁文
Verb & Participle –
動詞及分詞詞尾變化
1. Present Active System
Present
Active Indicative
(1st
Principle Part) (I praise / I am praising)
|
1st (laudō) |
|
2nd (moneō) |
|
3rd (agō) |
|
3.5 (capiō) |
|
4th (audiō) |
|
laud-ō,-āre,-āvī,ātum |
mon-ēo,-ēre,-uī,-itum |
agō,
agere, egī, actum |
cap-iō,-ere,cēpi,captum |
aud-iō,-īre,īvī,-ītum |
|
1s |
|
laudō |
|
monēō |
|
agō |
|
capi-ō |
|
audi-ō |
|
2s |
|
laudā-s |
|
monē-s |
|
ag-i-s |
|
capi-s |
|
audī-s |
|
3s |
|
lauda-t |
|
mone-t |
|
ag-i-t |
|
capi-t |
|
audi-t |
|
1pl |
|
laudā-mus |
|
monē-mus |
|
ag-i-mus |
|
capi-mus |
|
audī-mus |
|
2pl |
|
laudā-tis |
|
monē-tis |
|
ag-i-tis |
|
capi-tis |
|
audī-tis |
|
3pl |
|
lauda-nt |
|
mone-nt |
|
ag-u-nt |
|
capi-unt |
|
audi-unt |
Future
Active Indicative
(1st
Principle Part) (I will praise)
|
1st (laudō) |
|
2nd (moneō) |
|
3rd (agō) |
|
3.5 (capiō) |
|
4th (audiō) |
|
1s |
|
laudā-bō |
|
monē-bō |
|
ag-am * |
|
capi-am * |
|
audi-am * |
|
2s |
|
laudā-bi-s |
|
monē-bi-s |
|
ag-ē-s |
|
capi-ē-s |
|
audī-ē-s |
|
3s |
|
lauda-bi-t |
|
mone-bi-t |
|
ag-e-t |
|
capi-e-t |
|
audi-e-t |
|
1pl |
|
laudā-bi-mus |
|
monē-bi-mus |
|
ag-ē-mus |
|
capi-ē-mus |
|
audī-ē-mus |
|
2pl |
|
laudā-bi-tis |
|
monē-bi-tis |
|
ag-ē-tis |
|
capi-ē-tis |
|
audī-ē-tis |
|
3pl |
|
lauda-bu-nt |
|
mone-bu-nt |
|
ag-ē-nt |
|
capi-e-nt |
|
audi-e-nt |
Imperfect Active Indicative
(1st Principle Part) (I was praising/ I kept
praising / I used to praising/ I praised)
|
1st (laudō) |
|
2nd (moneō) |
|
3rd (agō) |
|
3.5 (capiō) |
|
4th (audiō) |
|
1s |
|
laudā-ba-m |
|
monē-ba-m |
|
ag-ē-bam |
|
capi-ē-bam |
|
audi-ē-bam |
|
2s |
|
laudā-bā-s |
|
monē-bā-s |
|
ag-ē-bā-s |
|
capi-ē-bā-s |
|
audī-ē-bā-s |
|
3s |
|
lauda-bā-t |
|
mone-bā-t |
|
ag-e-ba-t |
|
capi-e-ba-t |
|
audi-e-ba-t |
|
1pl |
|
laudā-bā-mus |
|
monē-bā-mus |
|
ag-ē-bā-mus |
|
capi-ē-bā-mus |
|
audī-ē-bā-mus |
|
2pl |
|
laudā-bā-tis |
|
monē-bā-tis |
|
ag-ē-bā-tis |
|
capi-ē-bā-tis |
|
audī-ē-bā-tis |
|
3pl |
|
lauda-ba-nt |
|
mone-ba-nt |
|
ag-ē-ba-nt |
|
capi-e-ba-nt |
|
audi-e-ba-nt |
2. Perfect Active System
Perfect Active Indicative
(3rd
Principle Part) (I praised/ I have praised)
|
1st (laudāvī) |
|
2nd (monuī) |
|
3rd (ēgī) |
|
3.5 (cēpī) |
|
4th (audīvī) |
|
1s |
|
laudāv-ī |
|
monu-ī |
|
ēg-ī |
|
cēp-ī |
|
audīv-ī |
|
2s |
|
laudāv-istī |
|
monu-istī |
|
ēg-istī |
|
cēp-istī |
|
audīv-istī |
|
3s |
|
laudāv-it |
|
monu-it |
|
ēg-it |
|
cēp-it |
|
audīv-it |
|
1pl |
|
laudāv-imus |
|
monu-imus |
|
ēg-imus |
|
cēp-imus |
|
audīv-imus |
|
2pl |
|
laudāv-istis |
|
monu-istis |
|
ēg-istis |
|
cēp-istis |
|
audīv-istis |
|
3pl |
|
laudāv-erunt |
|
monu-erunt |
|
ēg-erunt |
|
cēp-erunt |
|
audīv-erunt |
Future Perfect Active Indicative
(3rd Principle Part) (I will have praised)
|
1st (laudāvī) |
|
2nd (monuī) |
|
3rd (ēgī) |
|
3.5 (cēpī) |
|
4th (audīvī) |
|
1s |
|
laudāv-erō |
|
monu-erō |
|
ēg-erō |
|
cēp-erō |
|
audīv-erō |
|
2s |
|
laudāv-eris |
|
monu-eris |
|
ēg-eris |
|
cēp-eris |
|
audīv-eris |
|
3s |
|
laudāv-erit |
|
monu-erit |
|
ēg-erit |
|
cēp-erit |
|
audīv-erit |
|
1pl |
|
laudāv-erimus |
|
monu-erimus |
|
ēg-erimus |
|
cēp-erimus |
|
audīv-erimus |
|
2pl |
|
laudāv-eritis |
|
monu-eritis |
|
ēg-eritis |
|
cēp-eritis |
|
audīv-eritis |
|
3pl |
|
laudāv-erint |
|
monu-erint |
|
ēg-erint |
|
cēp-erint |
|
audīv-erint |
Pluperfect Active Indicative
(3rd Principle Part) (I had praised)
|
1st (laudāvī) |
|
2nd (monuī) |
|
3rd (ēgī) |
|
3.5 (cēpī) |
|
4th (audīvī) |
|
1s |
|
laudāv-eram |
|
monu-eram |
|
ēg-eram |
|
cēp-eram |
|
audīv-eram |
|
2s |
|
laudāv-erās |
|
monu-erās |
|
ēg-erās |
|
cēp-erās |
|
audīv-erās |
|
3s |
|
laudāv-erat |
|
monu-erat |
|
ēg-erat |
|
cēp-erat |
|
audīv-erat |
|
1pl |
|
laudāv-erāmus |
|
monu-erāmus |
|
ēg-erāmus |
|
cēp-erāmus |
|
audīv-erāmus |
|
2pl |
|
laudāv-erātis |
|
monu-erātis |
|
ēg-erātis |
|
cēp-erātis |
|
audīv-erātis |
|
3pl |
|
laudāv-erant |
|
monu-erant |
|
ēg-erant |
|
cēp-erant |
|
audīv-erant |
3. Passive System
Present Passive Indicative
(1st Principle Part) (I am praised/ I am
being praised)
|
1st (laudō) |
|
2nd (moneō) |
|
3rd (agō) |
|
3.5 (capiō) |
|
4th (audiō) |
|
1s |
|
laud -or |
|
mone-or |
|
ag-or |
|
capi-or |
|
audi-or |
|
2s |
|
laudā-ris |
|
monē-ris |
|
ag-e-ris |
|
cape-ris |
|
audī-ris |
|
3s |
|
laudā-tur |
|
monē-tur |
|
ag-i-tur |
|
capi-tur |
|
audi-tur |
|
1pl |
|
laudā-mur |
|
monē-mur |
|
ag-i-mur |
|
capi-mur |
|
audī-mur |
|
2pl |
|
laudā-minī |
|
monē-minī |
|
ag-i-minī |
|
capi-minī |
|
audī-minī |
|
3pl |
|
lauda-ntur |
|
mone-ntur |
|
ag-u-ntur |
|
capi-untur |
|
audi-untur |
Future Passive Indicative
(1st Principle Part) (I shall/will be
praised)
|
1st (laudō) |
|
2nd (moneō) |
|
3rd (agō) |
|
3.5 (capiō) |
|
4th (audiō) |
|
1s |
|
laudā-b -or |
|
monē-b -or |
|
ag---ar *
|
|
capi-ar * |
|
audi-ar * |
|
2s |
|
laudā-be-ris |
|
monē-be-ris |
|
ag-ē-ris |
|
capi-ē-ris |
|
audī-ē-ris |
|
3s |
|
laudā-bi-tur |
|
monē-bi-tur |
|
ag-ē-tur |
|
capi-e-tur |
|
audi-e-tur |
|
1pl |
|
laudā-bi-mur |
|
monē-bi-mur |
|
ag-ē-mur |
|
capi-ē-mur |
|
audī-ē-mur |
|
2pl |
|
laudā-bi-minī |
|
monē-bi-minī |
|
ag-ē-minī |
|
capi-ē-minī |
|
audī-ē-minī |
|
3pl |
|
laudā-bu-ntur |
|
monē-bu-ntur |
|
ag-e-ntur |
|
capi-e-ntur |
|
audi-e-ntur |
Imperfect Passive Indicative
(1st Principle Part) (I used to be praised/ I was
praised)
|
1st (laudō) |
|
2nd (moneō) |
|
3rd (agō) |
|
3.5 (capiō) |
|
4th (audiō) |
|
1s |
|
laudā-ba-r |
|
monē-ba-r |
|
ag-ē-ba-r |
|
capi-ē-ba-r |
|
audi-ē-ba-r |
|
2s |
|
laudā-bā-ris |
|
monē-bā-ris |
|
ag-ē-bā-ris |
|
capi-ē-bā-ris |
|
audī-ē-bā-ris |
|
3s |
|
laudā-bā-tur |
|
monē-bā-tur |
|
ag-ē-bā-tur |
|
capi-ē-bā-tur |
|
audi-ē-bā-tur |
|
1pl |
|
laudā-bā-mur |
|
monē-bā-mur |
|
ag-ē-bā-mur |
|
capi-ē-bā-mur |
|
audī-ē-bā-mur |
|
2pl |
|
laudā-bā-minī |
|
monē-bā-minī |
|
ag-ē-bā-minī |
|
capi-ē-bā-minī |
|
audī-ē-bā-minī |
|
3pl |
|
laudā-ba-ntur |
|
monē-ba-ntur |
|
ag-ē-ba-ntur |
|
capi-ē-ba-ntur |
|
audi-ē-ba-ntur |
Perfect Passive System
(4th Principle Part: laudātum / monitum / actum / captum /
audītum)
|
Perfect Passive Indicative* |
|
Future Perfect Passive Indicative* |
|
Pluperfect Passive Indicative* |
|
I was/have been praised |
I shall/will have been praised |
I had been praised |
|
1s |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um sum |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um erō |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um eram |
|
2s |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um es |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um eris |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um erās |
|
3s |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um est |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um erit |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um erat |
|
1pl |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um sumus |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um erimus |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um erāmus |
|
2pl |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um estis |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um eritis |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um erātis |
|
3pl |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um sunt |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um eunt |
|
laudāt-us,-a,-um erant |
*2nd,
3rd, 4th Conjugation皆依循1st
Conj.詞尾變化的pattern,
所以在此只列出1st
Conj.的pattern
4. Infinitive System
Infinitive System
(2st Principle Part) (To praise)
|
Present Active Infinitive |
|
laudāre |
|
monēre |
|
agere |
|
capere |
|
audīre |
|
Present Passive Infinitive |
|
laudār-ī |
|
monēr-ī |
|
ag-ī |
|
cap-ī |
|
audīr-ī |
5. Imperative System
Imperative System
(2st Principle Part) (Praise !)
|
Present Active Imperative |
2/s |
|
laudā |
|
monē |
|
age |
|
cape |
|
audī |
|
|
2/pl |
|
laudā-te |
|
monē-te |
|
agi-te |
|
capi-te |
|
audī-te |
6.
Participle System
|
Present Active
Participle |
|
agē-ns, age-ntis |
|
1st
Principle Part,第3類形容詞2種類別ending |
|
leading |
|
|
laudā-ns / monē-ns / agē-ns / capie-ns
*/
audīe-ns
*
|
|
Perfect Passive
Participle |
|
āct-us, -a, -um |
|
4th
Principle Part,第1/2類形容詞pattern |
|
having been led |
|
|
laudāt-um / monit-um / act-um / capt-um /
audīt-um |
|
Future Active
Participle |
|
āct-ur-us, -a, um |
|
4th
Principle Part,第1/2類形容詞pattern |
|
about to lead |
|
|
laudāt-ur-um / monit-ur-um / act-ur-um /
capt-ur-um / audīt-ur-um |
|
Future Passive
Participle |
|
age-ndus, -nda,-ndum |
|
1st
Principle Part,第1/2類形容詞pattern |
|
about to be led |
|
|
laudā-nd-us / monē-nd-us / agē-nd-us / capie-nd-us
/ audīe-nd-us |
* 照文法規則,原本capere及audīre
的Present
Active Participle應為cape-ns
/ audī-ns;
但為了(1)區分該字為–io結尾的動詞,與(2)避免有-ins的發音,所以改變為capie-ns
/ audīe-ns (各多加上了-i與-e
)
|
Ablative Absolute Participle |
|
Ablative名詞
+ Ablative case Participle |
|
獨立片語運作,不修飾主要子句中的字詞,因此其gender/number/case不須與主要子句中的字詞一致 |
|
|
Rōmā vīsā, vīrī gaudēbant = (With)
Rome having been seen, the men rejoiced. |
|
Future Passive Participle |
|
Future Passive Participle + Be動詞(sum/ero/ram)
|
|
多用為表達必要或強制語氣,翻譯時用has
to be/had to be/should be/will have to be (若有agent,要用dative
case,
而非ablative) |
|
|
Hic liber mihi (而不是me)
legendus erit = this book will have to be read by me |
|
Home Page
by 魏連嶽 |