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思想简史与神哲学家年谱
7th B.C.E. 哲学的源起：古早时期人们透过宗教及其神话，来解答他们心中的问题。约公元前六百年，希腊人从「宗教」及「神话」的思考模式，发展到以「理性」的思考模式来寻找各种问题之解答，此乃「哲学（Philos爱-Sophia智）」的初始阶段。
泰利斯（Thales，约624-546 B.C.）：宇宙的起源是水 ※琐罗亚斯德Zoroaster，约6-7th B.C.，波斯祆教 ※孔子Confucius，551-479 B.C.
米利都学派 毕达哥拉斯 赫拉克利特 恩培多克勒（Empedocles）：爱与恨为万物消长的动力因 阿那克萨哥拉
辨士学派 普罗塔哥拉（Protagoras） 高尔加斯（Gorgias）：不能知道，不能告知，无法理解
原子论者：德谟克里特斯：关切宇宙的基本组成物质与大自然的变化。相信宇宙间有一种基本物质，是所有事物的源头。每一种事物，都是由不可分割的最小单位所组成，因此创立了「原子理论」。
※雅典民主Democracy、斯巴达军国主义
5th B.C.E ※古希腊时代以「人」为中心，希望透过对人了解，来认识世界，再去认识神。
雅典学派 苏格拉底（Socrates，469-399B.C.）：至善 柏拉图（Plato，427-347 B.C.）：理想国、理型论、不朽论、宇宙生成论 亚里士多德（Aristotle，384-321 B.C.）： 形而上学（Metaphysics自然学之后）：不可见的理念世界 具体的共相（Concrete Universals）：人思想中共同拥有的概念，，成为认知观念基础。 上帝（Theos）：第一不动者（The first unmoved mover）作为哲学的上帝。 伦理学、政治学、逻辑、物理学、数学、天文学、漫步学派。
犬儒学派 (Cynics，4BCE~6CE)：安提西尼(Antisthene s)和西诺佩的第欧根尼(Diogenes)。自然的简朴生活，摈弃一切社会习俗。影响斯多葛哲学。
怀疑派
伊壁鸠鲁派（Epicureanism）：快乐主义：身体与灵魂危及小原子构成，人死后没有痛苦及来生。追求快乐可以导致良善行为。但并非肉体，而强调精神上快乐。重视内在修养。
斯多葛主义（Stoicism）：道德主义：宇宙万物依照其定律运作才能得到幸福，重自然与理性。人必须控制情欲，有所节制；痛苦为人生的一部份，必须面对克服。人皆同胞，应彼此相助。 普罗提诺。
新柏拉图主义
※阿基米得Archimedes立体几何、浮体学；欧几里德Euclid几何学原理 ※罗马共和制3thB.C.
1st C.E. 耶稣基督 (Jesus Christ)
*Council of Jerusalem (48 or 49)
保罗
Clement I, St ( ~96~ ) Rome Apostolic Fathers (使徒后期教父), and the Bishop of Rome 1 Clement, letters sent to Corinthian Church 2 Clement, homiletic articles
Barnabas Apostolic Fathers Epistle of Barnabas,
Hermas Apostolic Fathers Shepherd, Apocalyptic Literature
Ignatius (35~107) Apostolic Fathers and Bishop Antioch
Papias (60~130) Apostolic Fathers and Bishop
Polycarp (69~155) Apostolic Fathers and Bishop Smyrna Martyrdom of Polycarp,
2nd C.E. Aristides (~125~) An apologist, Apology,
Justin (Martyr), St (100-165) Rome An apologist, was beheaded in Rome in 165 Created a formula of Trinity, God is sun and Christ is sunshine but Christ is not equal to God, is under God Dialogue with Trypho, to controvert with Jewish First Apology, gave a explanation to Roman Empire King, Antoninus Pius, for Christianity in 155 Second Apology, gave a explanation to Roman Empire King, Marcus Aurelius, for Christianity in 161 Greatly Influenced Irenaeus and Tertullian
Ebionism or Ebionites (2th) Jewish Christian Community Advocate Asceticism, follow the Law. Also called “The denomination of Poor” Christology: deny the divine nature in Christ. Christ is a complete human
Tatian (~160~) An apologist, a Justin’s student Discourse to the Greeks
Athenagoras (~177~) An apologist Supplication
Theophilus (~180~) Antioch An apologist, Bishop Antioch Sophia
Irenaeus, St (130-200) Lyons Bishop Lyons (in Today’s France), and the Tertullian’s teacher Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching, and Against Heresies The first writer to speak unequivocally of the “New” Testament
Clement of Alexandria (150-215) Alexandrian School Hellenic Theologian and the principal of Alexandria Doctrine School Origen’s Teacher Ran away to Palestine because of persecution after 203
Tertullian, Quintus Septimius Florens (160-220) Carthage The last Hellenic Apologist and the first Latin Father The first person who written theological articles by Latin The creator of the Trinity’s theory, called Economic Trinity in modern theologians One of leaders of Montanism for opposing the secularized Catholic Church Against Marcion, and Against Praxeas, The Trinity’s theory
Hippolytus (170~236) Rome Bishop Rome, and was exiled by Maximin The commentary of Daniel, the first orthodox Bible commentary book in Christianity history The Apostolic Tradition, recorded various rituals, including baptism and Eucharist
Origen (185~254) Alexandrian School A ascetic, and a master of Spiritulity, Persecution and Martyrdom in Decius, a Roman king A leader of allegorical interpreting Bible, Advocated Subordinationism, Christ and Holy Spirit is subordinate to God Thought influenced by Neo- Platonism Hexapla, six Bible versions, Hebrew, Septuagint, Greek sound(希腊音译本), Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, in this book On First Principles, Against Celsus, On Prayer and Exhortation to Martyrdom Condemned by Catholic Church for some of his thoughts, including, Origin of Soul, and Universalism (普救主义), in 5th Catholic Council at Constantine in 553
3rd C.E. Cyprian, St. (200~258) Carthage Bishop Carthage, Martyr
Novatian (210~280 ) Roman A Roman theologian
Arius (250~336) Alexandria The creator of Arianism, and an elder of Alexandrian Church Advocated anomoios (非同质≠ Homoous同质), Jesus is not equal to Holy Father Was expelled from church for his theological thoughts in 321 Many Christians support him and cause radical controversy between two groups Nicene Council was convened for solving this controversy in 325. Thereby the definition of trinity, which God, Christ, and Spirit are equal, be established firmly in this council
Athanasius, St (297~373）Alexandria Bishop Alexandria, and the leader of opposing to Arianism, and a homoousian Life of Antony, a biography of St. Anthony Against the Arians, and On the Incarnation, and Letters Concerning the Holy Spirit
Didymus, the Blind ( ~398) Alexandrian School A Origen’s student, supported for Origen so condemned in 5th Catholic Council at Constantine in 553 with Origen
4th C.E. *Council of Nicene (325) The First Ecumenical Council
Apollinarius of Laodicea (310~390) Laodicea Reject the idea that a human mind is in Jesus A leader of Apollinarianism
Victorinus (~335~) A Neo-Platonic philosopher converted to be a Christian in 335 God as essentially concrete and active and eternally in motion God is possessing threes powers: being, living, and understanding Three Persons is only one substance, one will and life, one knowledge The circuminsession or mutual indwelling of Persons (ref. Kelly p.247, Ch9, Sec.6.) His idea impact Augustine
Basil of Caesarea, the Great (329~379) Caesarea, the capital of Cappadocia The leader of three Cappadocian Fathers, who support Nicene Creed and opposed Arians The Bishop Caesarea, Against Eunomius, and On the Holy Spirit
Gregory of Nazianzus（329~390）Caesarea, the capital of Cappadocia The second of three Cappadocian Fathers, support Nicene Creed and opposed Arians
Gregory of Nyssa （335~395） The third of three Cappadocian Fathers, and the younger brither of Basil of Caesarea
Ambrose (339-397) Italy, Bishop of Milan One of the four greatest theologians (Gregory the Great, Jerome, Augustine) in Christianity Influence Augustine to convert to Christianity Against Arianism The first one who convey the ideas of Transubstantiation in Eucharist and original sin from Adam On the Faith, and On the Holy Spirit
* Dedication Council (341) Antioch The second Creed of Antioch (ref. Kelly p.247, Ch9, Sec.6.)
Diodore of Tarsus (330~394) Antiochene School A founder of Antiochene School, which opposite against Alexander School on Christology
Jerome (347~ 420) One of the four greatest theologians (Gregory the Great, Ambrose, Augustine) in Christianity Eastern Father (Roman Church) Vulgate (Latin Bible Version: Revised from Old Latin Bible Version) Advocate celibacy and Asceticism Became a figure, a red clothes bishop and a lion under his feet, painted on the windows of church after 13th century
Theodore of Mopsuestia (350～428) Antiochene School A student of Diodore of Tarsus, A founder of Antiochene School
Augustine, St. (354-430) North Africa, Bishop of Hippo 圣奥古斯丁，新柏拉图主义者。将古代哲学与基督教的世界观结合起来。引导中世纪神学与哲学产生紧密关联。 One of the four greatest theologians (Gregory the Great, Ambrose, Jerome) in Christianity Give the Western tradition its mature and final expression His principle: The faith must precede understanding, Anselm follow this priciple Trinitarian Orthodoxy: 1. Divine nature should be express in the singular 2. Three Persons in one essence or substance 3. The distinction of three Persons is grounded in their mutual relation within in the Godhead 4. The three Persons are real and subsistent relation 5. The Spirit is the spirit of Father and son 6. The spirit is the mutual love of Father and Son, the consubstantial bond which unites Father and Son 7. Both Son and Spirit are from Father. It does mean that God has two sons, because Son is begotten and Spirit proceeds. Human Condition and God’s Grace 1. Human have original sin transmitted from Adam through their parents 2. Human, except Adam and Eve, do not have ability and freedom to choose good or do good work without God’s grace 3. God know who will accept his grace of salvation in advance; then God give him/her the grace that they cannot reject. It means that God’s grace will not in vain in salvation. 4. Because of the God’s grace, human can choose to accept God’s grace. Therefore, human do not have attribution on the salvation 5. God has mercy to those whom He wishes to save by His own will. Beside His mercy, no one can be saved by oneself or other ways. This is Augustine’s Predestination and Fatalism.
*The council of Alexandria (362) The next year of the death of Constantius, An Eastern emperor and an Arian The detent between West and East Church Chair of the council: Athanasius The Spirit status become an urgent issue
Pelagius (370~440) The leader of Pelagianism Human have not original sin transmitted from Adam or their parents Human have ability and freedom to choose good or evil and to do good work or evil one Human have attribution on the salvation
Cyril of Alexandria (376~444) Alexandria A student of Athanasius and an Alexandrian theologian Write Twelve Anathemas against Nestorius Christology: Divinity and humanity united in one nature, two natures cannot be distinguished.
*First Council of Constantinople (381) The Second Ecumenical Council
5th C.E. Nestorius (428～451) Antioch A student of Antiochene School. He was condemned as heresy for his Christology, called Nestorianism
*First Council of Ephesus (431) The Third Ecumenical Council Two natures in one person and hypostasis Canonize the Nicene creed as enshrining the core of Christology Support Cyril and condemn Nestorious,
*Second Council of Ephesus (449) Robber Synod or Brigandage The case of Eutyches One nature in Christ Monophysite
*Council of Chalcedon (451) The Fourth Ecumenical Council Two natures in one person and hypostasis Chalcedonian decree as a principle of Christology
※中古时代(Medieval Era)，思想中心由希腊时期的「人」转移到「神」。发展以「神」或「教会」为中心的神哲学思想观。以教主政。
6th C.E. Gregory the Great (540~603) One of the four greatest theologians (Ambrose, Jerome, Sugustine) in Christianity
*Second Council of Constantinople (553) The Fifth Ecumenical Council
Augustine of Canterbury, St (~604) A monk of a Benedict’s monastery Be sent by Gregory the Great to England as a leader of 40 missionaries’ team The king of Kent and The king’s people convert to Christian by His preaching
7th C.E. *Third Council of Constantinople (680) The Sixth Ecumenical Council
※7th 伊斯兰Islam教 穆罕默德Mohammad570-632
8th C.E. *Second Council of Nicene (787)
9th C.E. *Fourth Council of Constantinople (870)
*Fifth Council of Constantinople (880)
10th C.E.
11th C.E. Anselm (1033-1109) Archbishop of Canterbury His principal contribution to the development of philosophical theology Why God Became Human (Cur Deus Homo), written in a dialogic style The definition of God：God is that which nothing greater can be conceived Sin is that a person takes away honor due to God. The work of Christ is to make satisfactory payment to God and is to restore God’s honor that has been taken away by humans
※ 教会改革、 ※ 回教文化及哲学
12th
C.E.
唯实论（Realism）：抽象的知识才是真实。肯定真理与上帝存在。
唯名论（Nominalism）：感官能察觉的才唯真实。否定抽象真理、否定上帝存在。
13th C.E. ―上帝存在五路论证：1世界变动的原动力2形成因3本质包含存在4完美概念5目的与设计 ―表达上帝：遮诠法（否定法）、表诠法（肯定法）、模拟法（比喻法）。 ―恶乃是善的缺乏。人有自由。人的目的：生存、生命延续、追求真理、自我实现。 ―永远之父：其神哲学为天主教思想指导。强调理性与信仰并重。
14-15th C.E. ※近代文艺复兴，思想中心又由「神」转回到「人」
文艺复兴（Renaissance）：马基雅弗利、埃拉斯摩、穆尔
人文主义（Humanism）
※15th基督教分裂为希腊正教Greek Orthodox Church与罗马公教Roman Catholic Church
16th
C.E. 马丁路德（Martin Luther，德1483-1546） 加尔文（John Calvin，瑞1509-1564）
反宗教改革运动
17-18th C.E.
哥白尼（N. Copernicus）：太阳中心 牛顿（Isaac Newton，英1642-1727）：运动定律 培根（F. Bacon）：归纳法
※莎士比亚（W. Shakespeare，英） ※巴洛克时期（Baroque Period，1600-1750）：巴哈（1685-1750）、韩德尔（1685-1759）
政治哲学 霍布斯（T. Hobbes）：国家巨灵利维坦 洛克（J. Locke，英）：认识论、自由主义
帕斯卡尔（Blasé Pascal，1626-62）
启蒙运动（Enlightenment）： 孟德斯鸠（C. L. Montesquieu，法）：三权分立 伏尔泰（Voltaire）：反基督教教会、自然主义 鲁索（J. J. Rousseau，法）：社会契约论Social Contract
※古典时期（1750-1820）：莫扎特（W. A. Mozart）
理性主义（Rationalism）： 笛卡尔（René Descartes，法1596-1650）：近代哲学之父、我思故我在Cogito, ergo sum、 天生观念Innate ideas 史宾诺莎（Baruch Spinoza，犹1632-77） 莱布尼兹（C. S. Leibniz，1646-1716）
经验主义（Empiricism）：洛克（J. Locke，英） 贝克莱 休谟（David Hume，英1711-1776）
观念论 康德（Immanual Kant，德1724-1804） 菲希特（J. G. Fichte，德1762-1814）
意志哲学：叔本华（A. Schopenhauer，德1788-1860）：生存意志The Will to Live
诠释学（Hermeneutics）： 施莱马赫（Schleiermacher,德1768~1834） 狄尔泰（Dilthey,1833~1911） 海德格（Martin Heidegger,德1884~1976） 高达美（Gadamer,德1900~199？） 吕克尔（Paul Ricoeur,1913~ ）
浪漫主义（Romanticism）：歌德（J. W. Goethe，1749-1832）、拜伦、雪莱、 贝多芬（L. Beethoven，1770-1872） 施莱马赫（Schleiermacher,德1768~1834）
※工业革命(Industrialization)：资本主义Capitalism、中产阶级、小家庭、冷漠忙碌、休闲生活、大众传播
19th C.E. ※哲学作为提供现代人活下去的理由 辨证哲学（Dialectic）：黑格尔（G. W. F. Hegel，德1770-1831）唯心论、正反合
自然主义：马克斯（Karl Marx，德犹1818-1883） 达尔文（Darwin，1809-82）演化论Evolutionism，1859
自由主义（liberalism）：与保守主义相对，强调要改变传统，认为有改变才有进步。影响19-20th神学发展。
社会主义（Socialism）：圣西门（Saint-Simon，法）、傅立叶（M. C. Fourier，法）、 欧文（R. Owen，英）：强调社会整体利益，去除资产阶级的弊病。
马克思主义： 马克思（Karl Marx，1818-83）异化Alienation、唯物论、阶级斗争、共产宣言Communist Manifesto 恩格斯（F. Engels，1820-85）
民族主义 现实主义：与浪漫主义相对，强调回归理性与现实情况。
虚无主义 (Anihilism)
存在主义（Existentialism） 齐克果（Kierkegaard,丹麦1813~1855） 尼釆（F.W.Nietzsche,德1844~1900）：权力意志The Will to Power、超人Overman 雅斯培（Karl Jaspers,德1883~1969） 田立克（Paul Tillich,1886~1965） 马塞尔（Marcel,1889~1973） 沙特（Sartre,1905~1980） 卡缪（A.Camus，1913~1960）
现象学（Phenomenology）： 胡塞尔（Husserl,德犹1859~1938） 海德格（Martin Heidegger,1884~1976） 梅落彭地（Merleau-Ponty,1908~1961）
语言分析哲学：维根斯坦（Ludwig Wittgenstein,1889~1951）
符号哲学：卡勒西（E. Cassirer，德犹1874-1945）
实证主义：孔德（A. Comte，法）
实用主义（Pragmatism）：詹姆士（W. James，美1842-1910）、杜威（J. Dewey，美1859-1952） 知识改善生活，教育提升社会。反对形上学。
功利主义（Utilitarianism）：边沁（J. Bentham，英1748-1832）、弥尔（J. S. Mill，英1806-73） 以增进最多数人利益为优先
20th C.E. 精神分析（Analachology） 佛洛伊德（S. Freud，奥犹1865-1939）1900出版「梦的解析」，被喻为改变历史的书 荣格（C. Jung，瑞）集体潜意识 完型心理学派（Gestalt Psychology）
结构主义（Structuralism）： 利瓦伊史托（Claude Levi-Strauss,1908~ ） 拉冈（Jacques Lacan,1901~1980） 罗兰巴特（Roland Barthes,1915~1980） 阿图塞（Louis Althusser,1918~ ）
后现代（Post-Modern，后结构主义Post-Structuralism） 李欧塔（Jean Francois Lyotard,1924~ ） 傅 柯（Michel Foucault,1926~1984） 德勒兹（Gilles Deleuze,） 波德勒（Jean Baudrillard,）
唯物主义
生态哲学
相对论：爱因斯坦（A. Einstein）
逻辑实证论（Logical Positivism）：英、美，建立逻辑系统，表达清晰概念。反对超验性。
逻辑分析哲学
21st C.E.
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by 魏连嶽 |