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思想簡史與神哲學家年譜
7th B.C.E. 哲學的源起：古早時期人們透過宗教及其神話，來解答他們心中的問題。約公元前六百年，希臘人從「宗教」及「神話」的思考模式，發展到以「理性」的思考模式來尋找各種問題之解答，此乃「哲學（Philos愛-Sophia智）」的初始階段。
泰利斯（Thales，約624-546 B.C.）：宇宙的起源是水 ※瑣羅亞斯德Zoroaster，約6-7th B.C.，波斯祆教 ※孔子Confucius，551-479 B.C.
米利都學派 畢達哥拉斯 赫拉克利特 恩培多克勒（Empedocles）：愛與恨為萬物消長的動力因 阿那克薩哥拉
辨士學派 普羅塔哥拉（Protagoras） 高爾加斯（Gorgias）：不能知道，不能告知，無法理解
原子論者：德謨克里特斯：關切宇宙的基本組成物質與大自然的變化。相信宇宙間有一種基本物質，是所有事物的源頭。每一種事物，都是由不可分割的最小單位所組成，因此創立了「原子理論」。
※雅典民主Democracy、斯巴達軍國主義
5th B.C.E ※古希臘時代以「人」為中心，希望透過對人瞭解，來認識世界，再去認識神。
雅典學派 蘇格拉底（Socrates，469-399B.C.）：至善 柏拉圖（Plato，427-347 B.C.）：理想國、理型論、不朽論、宇宙生成論 亞里士多德（Aristotle，384-321 B.C.）： 形而上學（Metaphysics自然學之後）：不可見的理念世界 具體的共相（Concrete Universals）：人思想中共同擁有的概念，，成為認知觀念基礎。 上帝（Theos）：第一不動者（The first unmoved mover）作為哲學的上帝。 倫理學、政治學、邏輯、物理學、數學、天文學、漫步學派。
犬儒學派 (Cynics，4BCE~6CE)：安提西尼(Antisthene s)和西諾佩的第歐根尼(Diogenes)。自然的簡樸生活，擯棄一切社會習俗。影響斯多葛哲學。
懷疑派
伊壁鳩魯派（Epicureanism）：快樂主義：身體與靈魂危及小原子構成，人死後沒有痛苦及來生。追求快樂可以導致良善行為。但並非肉體，而強調精神上快樂。重視內在修養。
斯多葛主義（Stoicism）：道德主義：宇宙萬物依照其定律運作才能得到幸福，重自然與理性。人必須控制情慾，有所節制；痛苦為人生的一部份，必須面對克服。人皆同胞，應彼此相助。 普羅提諾。
新柏拉圖主義
※阿基米德Archimedes立體幾何、浮體學；歐幾里德Euclid幾何學原理 ※羅馬共和制3thB.C.
1st C.E. 耶穌基督 (Jesus Christ)
*Council of Jerusalem (48 or 49)
保羅
Clement I, St ( ~96~ ) Rome Apostolic Fathers (使徒後期教父), and the Bishop of Rome 1 Clement, letters sent to Corinthian Church 2 Clement, homiletic articles
Barnabas Apostolic Fathers Epistle of Barnabas,
Hermas Apostolic Fathers Shepherd, Apocalyptic Literature
Ignatius (35~107) Apostolic Fathers and Bishop Antioch
Papias (60~130) Apostolic Fathers and Bishop
Polycarp (69~155) Apostolic Fathers and Bishop Smyrna Martyrdom of Polycarp,
2nd C.E. Aristides (~125~) An apologist, Apology,
Justin (Martyr), St (100-165) Rome An apologist, was beheaded in Rome in 165 Created a formula of Trinity, God is sun and Christ is sunshine but Christ is not equal to God, is under God Dialogue with Trypho, to controvert with Jewish First Apology, gave a explanation to Roman Empire King, Antoninus Pius, for Christianity in 155 Second Apology, gave a explanation to Roman Empire King, Marcus Aurelius, for Christianity in 161 Greatly Influenced Irenaeus and Tertullian
Ebionism or Ebionites (2th) Jewish Christian Community Advocate Asceticism, follow the Law. Also called “The denomination of Poor” Christology: deny the divine nature in Christ. Christ is a complete human
Tatian (~160~) An apologist, a Justin’s student Discourse to the Greeks
Athenagoras (~177~) An apologist Supplication
Theophilus (~180~) Antioch An apologist, Bishop Antioch Sophia
Irenaeus, St (130-200) Lyons Bishop Lyons (in Today’s France), and the Tertullian’s teacher Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching, and Against Heresies The first writer to speak unequivocally of the “New” Testament
Clement of Alexandria (150-215) Alexandrian School Hellenic Theologian and the principal of Alexandria Doctrine School Origen’s Teacher Ran away to Palestine because of persecution after 203
Tertullian, Quintus Septimius Florens (160-220) Carthage The last Hellenic Apologist and the first Latin Father The first person who written theological articles by Latin The creator of the Trinity’s theory, called Economic Trinity in modern theologians One of leaders of Montanism for opposing the secularized Catholic Church Against Marcion, and Against Praxeas, The Trinity’s theory
Hippolytus (170~236) Rome Bishop Rome, and was exiled by Maximin The commentary of Daniel, the first orthodox Bible commentary book in Christianity history The Apostolic Tradition, recorded various rituals, including baptism and Eucharist
Origen (185~254) Alexandrian School A ascetic, and a master of Spiritulity, Persecution and Martyrdom in Decius, a Roman king A leader of allegorical interpreting Bible, Advocated Subordinationism, Christ and Holy Spirit is subordinate to God Thought influenced by Neo- Platonism Hexapla, six Bible versions, Hebrew, Septuagint, Greek sound(希臘音譯本), Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, in this book On First Principles, Against Celsus, On Prayer and Exhortation to Martyrdom Condemned by Catholic Church for some of his thoughts, including, Origin of Soul, and Universalism (普救主義), in 5th Catholic Council at Constantine in 553
3rd C.E. Cyprian, St. (200~258) Carthage Bishop Carthage, Martyr
Novatian (210~280 ) Roman A Roman theologian
Arius (250~336) Alexandria The creator of Arianism, and an elder of Alexandrian Church Advocated anomoios (非同質≠ Homoous同質), Jesus is not equal to Holy Father Was expelled from church for his theological thoughts in 321 Many Christians support him and cause radical controversy between two groups Nicene Council was convened for solving this controversy in 325. Thereby the definition of trinity, which God, Christ, and Spirit are equal, be established firmly in this council
Athanasius, St (297~373）Alexandria Bishop Alexandria, and the leader of opposing to Arianism, and a homoousian Life of Antony, a biography of St. Anthony Against the Arians, and On the Incarnation, and Letters Concerning the Holy Spirit
Didymus, the Blind ( ~398) Alexandrian School A Origen’s student, supported for Origen so condemned in 5th Catholic Council at Constantine in 553 with Origen
4th C.E. *Council of Nicene (325) The First Ecumenical Council
Apollinarius of Laodicea (310~390) Laodicea Reject the idea that a human mind is in Jesus A leader of Apollinarianism
Victorinus (~335~) A Neo-Platonic philosopher converted to be a Christian in 335 God as essentially concrete and active and eternally in motion God is possessing threes powers: being, living, and understanding Three Persons is only one substance, one will and life, one knowledge The circuminsession or mutual indwelling of Persons (ref. Kelly p.247, Ch9, Sec.6.) His idea impact Augustine
Basil of Caesarea, the Great (329~379) Caesarea, the capital of Cappadocia The leader of three Cappadocian Fathers, who support Nicene Creed and opposed Arians The Bishop Caesarea, Against Eunomius, and On the Holy Spirit
Gregory of Nazianzus（329~390）Caesarea, the capital of Cappadocia The second of three Cappadocian Fathers, support Nicene Creed and opposed Arians
Gregory of Nyssa （335~395） The third of three Cappadocian Fathers, and the younger brither of Basil of Caesarea
Ambrose (339-397) Italy, Bishop of Milan One of the four greatest theologians (Gregory the Great, Jerome, Augustine) in Christianity Influence Augustine to convert to Christianity Against Arianism The first one who convey the ideas of Transubstantiation in Eucharist and original sin from Adam On the Faith, and On the Holy Spirit
* Dedication Council (341) Antioch The second Creed of Antioch (ref. Kelly p.247, Ch9, Sec.6.)
Diodore of Tarsus (330~394) Antiochene School A founder of Antiochene School, which opposite against Alexander School on Christology
Jerome (347~ 420) One of the four greatest theologians (Gregory the Great, Ambrose, Augustine) in Christianity Eastern Father (Roman Church) Vulgate (Latin Bible Version: Revised from Old Latin Bible Version) Advocate celibacy and Asceticism Became a figure, a red clothes bishop and a lion under his feet, painted on the windows of church after 13th century
Theodore of Mopsuestia (350～428) Antiochene School A student of Diodore of Tarsus, A founder of Antiochene School
Augustine, St. (354-430) North Africa, Bishop of Hippo 聖奧古斯丁，新柏拉圖主義者。將古代哲學與基督教的世界觀結合起來。引導中世紀神學與哲學產生緊密關聯。 One of the four greatest theologians (Gregory the Great, Ambrose, Jerome) in Christianity Give the Western tradition its mature and final expression His principle: The faith must precede understanding, Anselm follow this priciple Trinitarian Orthodoxy: 1. Divine nature should be express in the singular 2. Three Persons in one essence or substance 3. The distinction of three Persons is grounded in their mutual relation within in the Godhead 4. The three Persons are real and subsistent relation 5. The Spirit is the spirit of Father and son 6. The spirit is the mutual love of Father and Son, the consubstantial bond which unites Father and Son 7. Both Son and Spirit are from Father. It does mean that God has two sons, because Son is begotten and Spirit proceeds. Human Condition and God’s Grace 1. Human have original sin transmitted from Adam through their parents 2. Human, except Adam and Eve, do not have ability and freedom to choose good or do good work without God’s grace 3. God know who will accept his grace of salvation in advance; then God give him/her the grace that they cannot reject. It means that God’s grace will not in vain in salvation. 4. Because of the God’s grace, human can choose to accept God’s grace. Therefore, human do not have attribution on the salvation 5. God has mercy to those whom He wishes to save by His own will. Beside His mercy, no one can be saved by oneself or other ways. This is Augustine’s Predestination and Fatalism.
*The council of Alexandria (362) The next year of the death of Constantius, An Eastern emperor and an Arian The detent between West and East Church Chair of the council: Athanasius The Spirit status become an urgent issue
Pelagius (370~440) The leader of Pelagianism Human have not original sin transmitted from Adam or their parents Human have ability and freedom to choose good or evil and to do good work or evil one Human have attribution on the salvation
Cyril of Alexandria (376~444) Alexandria A student of Athanasius and an Alexandrian theologian Write Twelve Anathemas against Nestorius Christology: Divinity and humanity united in one nature, two natures cannot be distinguished.
*First Council of Constantinople (381) The Second Ecumenical Council
5th C.E. Nestorius (428～451) Antioch A student of Antiochene School. He was condemned as heresy for his Christology, called Nestorianism
*First Council of Ephesus (431) The Third Ecumenical Council Two natures in one person and hypostasis Canonize the Nicene creed as enshrining the core of Christology Support Cyril and condemn Nestorious,
*Second Council of Ephesus (449) Robber Synod or Brigandage The case of Eutyches One nature in Christ Monophysite
*Council of Chalcedon (451) The Fourth Ecumenical Council Two natures in one person and hypostasis Chalcedonian decree as a principle of Christology
※中古時代(Medieval Era)，思想中心由希臘時期的「人」轉移到「神」。發展以「神」或「教會」為中心的神哲學思想觀。以教主政。
6th C.E. Gregory the Great (540~603) One of the four greatest theologians (Ambrose, Jerome, Sugustine) in Christianity
*Second Council of Constantinople (553) The Fifth Ecumenical Council
Augustine of Canterbury, St (~604) A monk of a Benedict’s monastery Be sent by Gregory the Great to England as a leader of 40 missionaries’ team The king of Kent and The king’s people convert to Christian by His preaching
7th C.E. *Third Council of Constantinople (680) The Sixth Ecumenical Council
※7th 伊斯蘭Islam教 穆罕默德Mohammad570-632
8th C.E. *Second Council of Nicene (787)
9th C.E. *Fourth Council of Constantinople (870)
*Fifth Council of Constantinople (880)
10th C.E.
11th C.E. Anselm (1033-1109) Archbishop of Canterbury His principal contribution to the development of philosophical theology Why God Became Human (Cur Deus Homo), written in a dialogic style The definition of God：God is that which nothing greater can be conceived Sin is that a person takes away honor due to God. The work of Christ is to make satisfactory payment to God and is to restore God’s honor that has been taken away by humans
※ 教會改革、 ※ 回教文化及哲學
12th
C.E.
唯實論（Realism）：抽象的知識才是真實。肯定真理與上帝存在。
唯名論（Nominalism）：感官能察覺的才唯真實。否定抽象真理、否定上帝存在。
13th C.E. ―上帝存在五路論證：1世界變動的原動力2形成因3本質包含存在4完美概念5目的與設計 ―表達上帝：遮詮法（否定法）、表詮法（肯定法）、類比法（比喻法）。 ―惡乃是善的缺乏。人有自由。人的目的：生存、生命延續、追求真理、自我實現。 ―永遠之父：其神哲學為天主教思想指導。強調理性與信仰並重。
14-15th C.E. ※近代文藝復興，思想中心又由「神」轉回到「人」
文藝復興（Renaissance）：馬基雅弗利、埃拉斯摩、莫爾
人文主義（Humanism）
※15th基督教分裂為希臘正教Greek Orthodox Church與羅馬公教Roman Catholic Church
16th
C.E. 馬丁路德（Martin Luther，德1483-1546） 加爾文（John Calvin，瑞1509-1564）
反宗教改革運動
17-18th C.E.
哥白尼（N. Copernicus）：太陽中心 牛頓（Isaac Newton，英1642-1727）：運動定律 培根（F. Bacon）：歸納法
※莎士比亞（W. Shakespeare，英） ※巴洛克時期（Baroque Period，1600-1750）：巴哈（1685-1750）、韓德爾（1685-1759）
政治哲學 霍布斯（T. Hobbes）：國家巨靈利維坦 洛克（J. Locke，英）：認識論、自由主義
巴斯卡（Blasé Pascal，1626-62）
啟蒙運動（Enlightenment）： 孟德斯鳩（C. L. Montesquieu，法）：三權分立 伏爾泰（Voltaire）：反基督教教會、自然主義 盧梭（J. J. Rousseau，法）：社會契約論Social Contract
※古典時期（1750-1820）：莫札特（W. A. Mozart）
理性主義（Rationalism）： 笛卡爾（René Descartes，法1596-1650）：近代哲學之父、我思故我在Cogito, ergo sum、 天生觀念Innate ideas 史賓諾莎（Baruch Spinoza，猶1632-77） 萊布尼茲（C. S. Leibniz，1646-1716）
經驗主義（Empiricism）：洛克（J. Locke，英） 貝克萊 休謨（David Hume，英1711-1776）
觀念論 康德（Immanual Kant，德1724-1804） 菲希特（J. G. Fichte，德1762-1814）
意志哲學：叔本華（A. Schopenhauer，德1788-1860）：生存意志The Will to Live
詮釋學（Hermeneutics）： 施萊馬赫（Schleiermacher,德1768~1834） 狄爾泰（Dilthey,1833~1911） 海德格（Martin Heidegger,德1884~1976） 高達美（Gadamer,德1900~199？） 呂克爾（Paul Ricoeur,1913~ ）
浪漫主義（Romanticism）：歌德（J. W. Goethe，1749-1832）、拜倫、雪萊、 貝多芬（L. Beethoven，1770-1872） 施萊馬赫（Schleiermacher,德1768~1834）
※工業革命(Industrialization)：資本主義Capitalism、中產階級、小家庭、冷漠忙碌、休閒生活、大眾傳播
19th C.E. ※哲學作為提供現代人活下去的理由 辨證哲學（Dialectic）：黑格爾（G. W. F. Hegel，德1770-1831）唯心論、正反合
自然主義：馬克斯（Karl Marx，德猶1818-1883） 達爾文（Darwin，1809-82）演化論Evolutionism，1859
自由主義（liberalism）：與保守主義相對，強調要改變傳統，認為有改變才有進步。影響19-20th神學發展。
社會主義（Socialism）：聖西門（Saint-Simon，法）、傅立葉（M. C. Fourier，法）、 歐文（R. Owen，英）：強調社會整體利益，去除資產階級的弊病。
馬克思主義： 馬克思（Karl Marx，1818-83）異化Alienation、唯物論、階級鬥爭、共產宣言Communist Manifesto 恩格斯（F. Engels，1820-85）
民族主義 現實主義：與浪漫主義相對，強調回歸理性與現實情況。
虛無主義 (Anihilism)
存在主義（Existentialism） 齊克果（Kierkegaard,丹麥1813~1855） 尼釆（F.W.Nietzsche,德1844~1900）：權力意志The Will to Power、超人Overman 雅斯培（Karl Jaspers,德1883~1969） 田立克（Paul Tillich,1886~1965） 馬塞爾（Marcel,1889~1973） 沙特（Sartre,1905~1980） 卡繆（A.Camus，1913~1960）
現象學（Phenomenology）： 胡塞爾（Husserl,德猶1859~1938） 海德格（Martin Heidegger,1884~1976） 梅落彭地（Merleau-Ponty,1908~1961）
語言分析哲學：維根斯坦（Ludwig Wittgenstein,1889~1951）
符號哲學：卡勒西（E. Cassirer，德猶1874-1945）
實證主義：孔德（A. Comte，法）
實用主義（Pragmatism）：詹姆士（W. James，美1842-1910）、杜威（J. Dewey，美1859-1952） 知識改善生活，教育提昇社會。反對形上學。
功利主義（Utilitarianism）：邊沁（J. Bentham，英1748-1832）、彌爾（J. S. Mill，英1806-73） 以增進最多數人利益為優先
20th C.E. 精神分析（Analachology） 佛洛伊德（S. Freud，奧猶1865-1939）1900出版「夢的解析」，被喻為改變歷史的書 榮格（C. Jung，瑞）集體潛意識 完型心理學派（Gestalt Psychology）
結構主義（Structuralism）： 李維史托（Claude Levi-Strauss,1908~ ） 拉岡（Jacques Lacan,1901~1980） 羅蘭巴特（Roland Barthes,1915~1980） 阿圖塞（Louis Althusser,1918~ ）
後現代（Post-Modern，後結構主義Post-Structuralism） 李歐塔（Jean Francois Lyotard,1924~ ） 傅 柯（Michel Foucault,1926~1984） 德勒茲（Gilles Deleuze,） 波德勒（Jean Baudrillard,）
唯物主義
生態哲學
相對論：愛因斯坦（A. Einstein）
邏輯實證論（Logical Positivism）：英、美，建立邏輯系統，表達清晰概念。反對超驗性。
邏輯分析哲學
21st C.E.
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by 魏連嶽 |